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Volume 13: The Caliphate of ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān focuses on the reign of the third caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate, ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān. It covers key events and developments, including: Rise to power: Details of ʿUthmān's selection as Caliph and his early policies. Expansion of the Islamic State: The continued military expansion of Islam into regions such as North Africa, the Byzantine Empire, and Persia. Administrative Reforms: ʿUthmān's efforts to centralize power and the role of his family in the administration, including the controversial appointment of Umayyad relatives to important positions. The Codification of the Qur'an: ʿUthmān's order to compile the Qur'an into a standardized text, resolving differences in recitation. Rising Dissent and Opposition: The growing discontent with ʿUthmān's rule, leading to protests and eventually his assassination, which marked a turning point in Islamic history. Political Unrest: The deepening divisions in the Muslim community, including the early signs of sectarianism.

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245: $a: The History of al-Tabari, Volume XIII: The Caliphate of ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān
245: $b:
082: $a:
100: $a: Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr al-Ṭabarī & G. Rex Smith
650: $a: Islamic History, Islamic Studies
250: $a:
440: $v: 13
250: $b:
250: $c: 1997
020: $a: 978-0791414600
300: $a: 266